Assalmualaikum Wr. Wb.
My post in this time is about KPST assignment, the task in this time we are required to make a discussion on science experiments. Oh ya, this is a group assignment, so our group members are :
1. Mochamad Thariq Januar (116120115)
2. Muchamad Reza Juliansyah (116120089)
There are some files that we include in this post of our experiments :
- Storyboard of our video experiments (DOWNLOAD)
- Presentation Slide (DOWNLOAD)
Ok guys, no longer necessary, so this is our discussion result about the science experiments. Check it out !!
SUGAR BALL OF FIRE EXPERIMENT TO PROVE THE EFFECT OF CATALYST IN THE REACTION
RATE
CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTION
Purpose
Purpose of
this experiment is to demonstrate the influence of the catalyst in the reaction
rate.
Jus and Historical Teory
Initial research started in 1823 by
catalyst Dulong P. L. And Thenard through decomposition of NH3 with metals,
which are then written in the order activeness: Fe, Cu, Ag, Au, and Pt. In 1825
M. Faraday did with ammonia synthesis catalyst Pt. P. Phillips (1831) filed a
patent H2SO4-making process through the oxidation of SO2 to the air using Pt.
Further research by M. Faraday (1834) through the oxidation of H2 with O2, N2O,
NO with Pt, concluded that the reaction can take place when used in a clean Pt.
A few years later, J. J. Berzelius (1836) conducted a study extensively
about the catalyst. At that time people did not know about the molecules. In a
journal, he states: "Many bodies ... have the property of exerting on
other bodies an action roomates is very different from chemical affinity. By
means of this action they produce decomposition in bodies, and form new
compounds into the composition of roomates they do not enter. This New power,
hitherto unknown, is common both in organic and inorganic nature ... I shall
... call it catalytic power. I shall also call catalysis for the decomposition
of bodies by this force ". [1] This statement which later became the first
definition of a catalyst.
Subsequent research by Paul Sabatier (1897) through the concept of the
formation of the active compound catalyst-reactant interaction results, stating
that the reactants with the catalyst to deliver new, more convenient way to
turn into products. W. Ostwald (1901) through the study of kinetic and
thermodynamic principles, defines a catalyst as a substance which, when
included in the reaction to accelerate the reaction and is not incorporated in
the reaction product. Another idea in the literature comes from Jean-Baptiste
Perrin (1919), which suggests that the catalyst is capable of transferring
energy to the reactants, thereby activating molecules.
Basically, all the arguments put forward by P. Dulong L. And Thenard, M.
Faraday, P. Phillips, J. J. Berzelius, Paul Sabatier, W. Ostwald, and
Jean-Baptiste Perrin is true. In addition to the above mentioned definition,
another definition of a catalyst such as:
1. catalysts speed
up the reactions that can take place in terms of thermodynamics.
2. catalysts speed
up the reaction reaches equilibrium, but does not change the equilibrium.
3. For parallel
reactions, certain catalysts accelerate only one reaction only.
These theories are enforced by the fact that the catalyst forms a bond
with the reactants (compounds react to form between active). Bond strength
should be fit, which means not so weak that the compounds can not be separated
into reactants back, and not too strong to intermediate compounds can react
further into products. For one of the reactants, bond strength is influenced by
the nature of the geometry and electronic properties of the catalyst.
The development of
catalyst theory outlined above is also in line with the technological
developments in the manufacture of catalysts. Since 2000, research into
nanometer-scale materials of the most progressive phase. The end result of such
research is to transform existing technology, which is generally based on a
micrometer scale materials technology based on nanometer-scale materials. The new
findings in this field led to new applications began to appear in various
fields, one of them in the development of catalysts, known as nanokatalis. With
a large surface area of the catalyst, the reaction product formation of the
reactants will be faster. Large catalyst surface area can be created by making
the size of the catalyst in the nanometer scale.
The
Scientific Method
After Berzelius,
the person who introduced the term catalysts for the first time. Many
scientists who alternated their ideas about the catalyst, one of them is Murray
Raney. He created an alternative catalyst for the hydrogenation of vegetable
oils, the catalyst named is Raney Nickel. Raney nickel is a kind of solid
catalyst composed of fine grains of nickel-aluminum alloys are used in various
industrial processes.
Scientific method that he used in the manufacture of catalyst components.
Component was named aloi. Aloi made commercially by melting the active metal
(nickel in this case, although iron and copper can also produce catalysts that
are the same) and aluminum in a crucible, then the resulting melt is cooled
(quenching) and then ground into a fine powder. This powder can then be dicadar
to a certain particle size depending on the application being used.
During the cooling process, a small amount of a third metal such as zinc
or chromium, can be added. This is done to improve the catalytic activity, so
that a third metal is referred to as a "promoter". The addition of
these promoters will change the alloys and phase diagram into ternary alloy
phase diagram, resulting in differences in the properties of cooling and
leaching during the activation process.
The next step is the activation, the pore structure of the catalyst is
due to the release of particles of aluminum alloy using concentrated sodium
hydroxide solution. Simplified leaching reaction is as follows:
2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O →
2Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2
Simulation and Implementation of This Experiment
The experiments we
did that to prove the influence of the catalyst in the reaction rate can also
be demonstrated and implemented in a trial or other related scientific method.
Here's a link other
experiments that can be used as additional information :
Examlples
of Phenomena That Related With Catalyst
Pertamina Company requires catalysts for petroleum processing to be
gasoline, diesel, etc.. and every year they have to import tons of catalyst
which cost millions of dollars to maintain the production of fuel. Pertamina
did not buy from the domestic side because they do not want to take the risk of
cessation of oil production. catalyst manufacturers in the country no one can
guarantee their catalytic products will not make damage to the reactor or
decrease the production of the reactor. in other words pertamina more trust in
foreign manufacturers that have been certified and have a definite
guarantee.
Pertamina can not believe domestic manufacturers said there is no
guarantee that for sure. Fuel production is vital, is the lifeblood of the
nation's economy. so it would be very detrimental if only one day refinery had
to stop production due to catalyst.
CHAPTER II
THE EXPERIMENT
This is video simulation of the experiments that’s we made.
Work steps :
1. First, Pinch sugar stone using a tong
2. Try Sprinkle sugar stone without paper
ash (dust of paper)
3. Burn the sugar stone in candle , and See what happens
4. Try again Sprinkle sugar stone, but now with paper ash
(dust of paper).
5. And the last, Burn the sugar stone in
candle and see what happens
CHAPTER III
EXPLANATION AND CONCLUSION
A catalyst is a subtance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction
by reducing the activation energy, but which is left unchanged by the reaction.
Sugar stone can’t be burnt by fire without a dust of paper but it still can
melt. Why? The dust of paper that covered the sugar stone is a catalyst. It
make a sugar stone be able to burnt by fire because a dust of paper make a
combustion reaction go faster and possible. But it left unchanged by the
reaction.
REFERENCES
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